Pressure reduction system and method

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for pressure reduction, including a first conduit with a pressure sensor, a static restriction device, and second conduit connected therebetween. Fluid is introduced through the second conduit as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor, thereby compensating for fluctuations in sensed pressures due to restriction device degradation and other factors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention generally relates to pressure reduction systems and methods, particularly pressure reduction systems and methods utilizing static restriction devices such as orifices, venturi tubes, reduced diameter tubing or piping, and/or capillary tubes. Such systems and methods may be particularly useful to reduce relatively high stream pressures (e.g., greater than about 3200 p.s.i.g.) in aqueous supercritical waste oxidation reaction systems.

2. Description of the Related Art

Pressure reduction of fluid streams by at least about 500 psi has presented problems in the art. In particular, in supercritical water oxidation ("SCWO") systems, reactors typically operate at relatively high pressures (e.g., greater than about 3200 psig) and produce effluent streams which contain significant quantities (up to about 10 to 20%) of gas. The gas typically includes carbon dioxide and oxygen. When this relatively high pressure is reduced, the expansion of gas in the stream tends to create high velocities and/or severe cavitation in the pressure reduction system. As a result, erosion within the pressure reduction device tends to be significantly enhanced. In some circumstances, corrosion also tends to be enhanced.

In addition, many SCWO streams typically include inorganic solids which have not been oxidized. When the pressure of streams containing these solids is reduced, the solids tend to produce a highly erosive environment for components within the pressure reduction device.

The treatment of waste slurries and sludge such as municipal waste sludge or paper mill sludge by SCWO has been hampered as a result of the aforementioned erosion problems. Typically, SCWO units treating sludge or slurries must separate the solid inert material from the effluent prior to depressurization. Therefore, the separated solids must be removed by a batch system instead of a continuous system. Batch systems tend to be more expensive to operate than continuous systems.

Various systems and methods have been used to overcome relatively high pressure reduction erosion problems. In one such system, a throttling "control" valve is used. Throttling valves, however, tend to typically experience extremely high rates of wear on the throttling surfaces. These high rates of wear are due to the fact that the throttling surfaces tend to have a limited area available to absorb the kinetic energy produced by the pressure reduction.

Relatively high rates of wear are particularly problematic when throttling valves are used in systems with relatively low flow rates. In such systems, the annular region between the seat and trim (through which the fluid flows) tends to be very small. Thus, valve wear is experienced in a limited region, and is therefore accentuated.

Relatively high pressure reduction is problematic in systems with relatively low flow rates for other reasons. In particular, the relatively small flow passages in such systems tend to become clogged or plugged when even a relatively small amount of solid particles are present in the fluid stream. Whether eroded or plugged, in either case pressure reduction devices in relatively low flow systems tend to not provide their intended function. In addition, commercial pressure reduction valves designed for use with high pressure solids-containing slurries or sludge tend to be unavailable or unworkable at flow rates under about 5-7 gallons per minute ("gpm").

In some circumstances, the erosive effects of relatively large pressure reductions have been countered by making pressure reduction devices out of extremely hard substances such as tungsten, carbide, stellite, titanium nitride, or various ceramics. Even these hardened substances tend to experience unacceptably excessive and rapid wear under the high velocities caused by large pressure reductions. In addition, extremely hard materials tend to be brittle, thus making them unsafe and/or unreliable for normal service.

Throttling valves are by design nonstatic pressure reduction devices which vary their throughput as a function of a selected value such as pressure or flow rate. Because of the above-mentioned problems with such valves, practitioners in the art have attempted to reduce the amount of pressure reduction experienced by each valve in the system. Such attempts have resulted in multiple throttle valves being placed in series, with each valve experiencing a reduced amount of pressure reduction.

Multiple throttle valve systems, however, tend to be more expensive than single stage pressure letdown systems and tend to require numerous control loops. Moreover, to prevent the control loops from interacting, typically accumulators must be positioned between each valve. For significant pressure reduction systems there can be as many as two to ten valve systems in series, thereby greatly increasing the cost and complexity of the pressure reduction system.

In relatively low flow rate systems, multiple valve systems have the further drawback that the flow passages in each throttle valve will be reduced (as compared to single valve systems) since the total system pressure drop is distributed over all valves in the system. As a result, pressure control tends to be erratic since at least one of the valves may tend to plug if there are solids in the stream.

Another problem encountered in the art relates to the fact that density changes in typical SCWO systems are not necessarily proportional to pressure drop. These SCWO systems typically include significant proportions of carbon dioxide, and the pressure-density relationship for carbon dioxide differs significantly than that for ideal gases. It has been observed that significant density changes in the throttled effluent gases do not occur until pressure is reduced under about 800-1000 p.s.i.a. When pressure is reduced below about 800-1000 p.s.i.a., the stream velocity tends to increase dramatically due to a lowering of the effluent gas density. The bulk of the erosion tends to occur after the density decrease occurs. Proper placement and sizing of control valves to accommodate this density change tends to be difficult.

Practitioners have also attempted to use multiple port valves which contain several valve seats within a single valve body. Such multiple port valves, however, are difficult to use in lower flowrate systems (because of clogging problems), and tend to suffer from mechanical limitations at higher pressures.

Rather than use dynamic restriction devices to achieve pressure reductions, practitioners have also attempted to use static restriction devices such as orifice plates, reduced diameter pipes or capillary tubes, venturi tubes, or other static restriction pressure drop devices. These static restriction devices, however, only operate at one flow rate for a given pressure decrease, or, alternatively, at one pressure decrease for a given flow rate. Of course, these systems also experience wear due to erosion when significant high pressure drops are achieved. When such erosion occurs, the static pressure restriction device no longer provides the same pressure drop for a given flow rate. As a result, maintaining accurate pressure drop control within the system is difficult. And if pressure control is difficult, then control of other system parameters such as temperature, flowrate, reaction rate, etc. will also be difficult since these other system parameters tend to vary (at least indirectly) as a function of pressure. The problem of varying parameter control has thus hindered the use of static restriction devices for pressure reduction.

Static restriction devices also present problems in relatively low flow rate systems. In these systems, the size of the restriction in the orifice plate, reduced diameter pipe capillary tube, or venturi tube has to be small. As a result, these small restrictions tend to be highly susceptible to plugging.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,045 relates to a vortex valve fluid oscillator.

U.S. Pat. No. 1,725,782 relates to a method and apparatus for flow control.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,129,587 relates to a flow sensing device.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,628 relates to a fluidic apparatus in which a vortex amplifier functions as a choke valve to control flow in a flow line from, for example, a gas or oil well.

All of the above patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to a pressure reduction system and method. The pressure reduction system may include a first conduit connected to contain fluid during use, the first conduit being adapted to contain fluid at a pressure of at least about 500 p.s.i.g. during use. This system may also include a pressure sensor connected to sense the pressure of the fluid in the first conduit during use, and a static restriction device adapted to reduce the pressure of fluid flowing through it by at least about 500 p.s.i. during use. The static restriction device is connected downstream of the pressure sensor. The system also includes a second conduit connected to introduce fluid into the first conduit upstream of the static restriction device and downstream of the pressure sensor. Finally, the system includes an automatic fluid introduction system adapted to vary the amount of fluid introduced from the second conduit as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor.

The static restriction device may include an edge connected to contact fluid during use. One advantage of the system is that the second conduit may be connected to introduce fluid such that at least a portion of the fluid introduced through the second conduit during use contacts the edge of the static restriction device without first mixing with the fluid flowing through the first conduit during use. At least a portion of the fluid introduced through the second conduit during use acts as a barrier to inhibit at least a portion of the fluid flowing in the first conduit from contacting the static restriction device during use.

The system may include a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the first conduit during use, and an annular portion substantially surrounding the centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the second conduit during use.

The system is particularly adapted to reduce pressure in streams that contain at least about 50, 500 or 5000 ppm of entrained solids during use. The pressure of slurry or sludge streams may also be reduced without substantial erosion of the static restriction device.

Typically the static restriction device is sized to provide a selected pressure reduction for a known fluid flowrate. This known fluid flowrate is greater than the flowrate of fluid in the first conduit during use. Variances in the pressure reduced by the static restriction device may be compensated by lowering or raising the flow of fluid through the second conduit. Thus preferably the conduits, etc. in the system are sized so that during normal operation at least some flow of fluid is flowing in the second conduit.

The system is also particularly adapted to reduce the pressure of a fluid flowing within the static restriction device which includes a mixture of gas and liquid. The pressures within these gas/liquid streams may be otherwise difficult to reduce due to expansion and contraction of the gas and liquid as it flows through the static restriction device.

A pump may be part of the automatic fluid introduction system. The pump may be coupled to a pressure sensor and controller such that the amount of fluid pumped by the pump varies as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor during use.

The system may be particularly adapted to reduce the pressure of relatively low flow rate streams that include entrained solids.

The method of the invention may include reducing the pressure of a fluid by at least 500 p.s.i.g. by passing the fluid through a static restriction device. The method may include:

flowing a first fluid stream at a pressure of at least about 500 p.s.i.g.

sensing the pressure of the first fluid stream;

mixing a second fluid stream with the first fluid stream;

reducing the pressure of the mixed fluid stream by at least about 500 p.s.i. by flowing the mixed fluid stream through a static restriction device;

varying the flowrate of the second fluid stream as a function of the sensed pressure.

The method may be particularly adapted for harsher stream conditions such as wherein the first fluid stream is at least about the vicinity of supercritical conditions for water, or wherein the first fluid stream is at least about supercritical conditions for water. The stream may first be cooled before having its pressure reduced, thus tending to lower the eroding effect of the stream.

An advantage of the systems and methods of the invention is that the inflexibility of static restriction devices (as this inflexibility relates to control of system pressure, pressure drop, temperature, flowrates, reaction rates, etc.) may be overcome.

For instance, erosion of a static restriction device would normally result in less pressure drop through the device for a given flowrate. As a result, if other system parameters remained unchanged, the flowrate through the static restriction device would increase. If, for instance, a SCWO reactor was placed upstream of the static restriction device, then flow through the first conduit would increase, the residence time and temperature within the reactor would tend to decline, and other variables would have to be changed to overcome these declines.

With the systems and methods of the invention, however, erosion in the static restriction device may be compensated for by adjusting the flow through the second conduit. As a result, the flow of fluid from the reactor (i.e., the flow in the first conduit) would remain fairly constant, and declines in residence time and temperature within the reactor could be avoided. Costly downtime to change or repair the static restriction device could thus be avoided or delayed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of a pressure reduction system.

FIG. 2 depicts a pressure reduction system utilizing a plurality of pressure restrictions.

FIGS. 3 and 4 depict pressure reduction systems with a nozzle directing the flow of a fluid.

FIG. 5 depicts a pressure reduction system with a tube and shell arrangement.

FIG. 6 depicts a pressure reduction system with a reduced diameter pipe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One embodiment of the invention includes a pressure reduction system with a first conduit connected to contain fluid during use. As shown in FIG. 1, the first conduit 4 may be adapted to contain fluid at a pressure of at least about 500 psig during use. A pressure sensor 6 may be connected to sense the pressure of the fluid stream in the first conduit 4. In addition, a static restriction device 16 may be connected downstream of the pressure sensor to receive fluid from conduit 5.

As shown in FIG. 1, a second conduit 14 may be connected to mix fluid with the fluid stream flowing in the first conduit 4. This mixture takes place upstream of the static restriction device 16 and downstream of the pressure sensor 6.

As used herein, the phrase "static restriction device" includes capillary tubes, orifices, venturi tubes, reduced diameter pipes, and other nonmoving components known in the art that are used to produce pressure reduction.

As shown in FIG. 1, pressure sensor 6 is connected via line 10 to a controller 8. Controller 8 may be a computer, a programmable logic controller, and other known controller systems known in the art. Controller 8 may be a PI or PID (proportional-integral or proportional-integral-derivative) controller. The controller may be part of an electronic, digital, or pneumatic system. In any case, controller 8 also sends, and optionally receives, signals to/from pump 12 via line 11. Lines 10 and 11 may be electronic, digital, or pneumatic.

Together lines 10, 11, and controller 8 are part of an automatic fluid introduction system which is adapted to vary the amount of fluids introduced from the second conduit 14 (and/or second conduit 22) as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor 6. Preferably as the pressure sensed by pressure sensor 6 decreases below a set value, then controller 8 will direct pump 12 to increase the flow of fluid within second conduit 14 and/or 22. For instance, controller 8 may direct pump 12 to increase its pumping speed and/or stroke length. The increased flow of fluid through conduit 14 and/or 22 would then mix with the flow of fluid through first conduit 4. As a result, a pressure increase would result and sensor 6 would then sense a higher pressure. This control feedback loop thereby provides a way to compensate for variations in the pressures within conduit 4.

Alternate ways are possible to vary the amount of fluid introduced from the second conduit 14 and/or 22. For instance, pump 12 may include a bypass 13 with a valve 15. The controller 8 may direct the valve 15 to be opened or closed, thereby varying the amount of fluid flowing in second conduit 14 and/or 22.

Fluid may be introduced before the static restriction device 16 via conduit 14 or via conduit 22 (see discussion regarding FIG. 2 below).

In a preferred embodiment the afore-mentioned system may be combined with a reactor 2 adapted to contain fluid at least about the vicinity of supercritical conditions for water (that is, at least about 500 deg. F. and 2000 psig). In this embodiment, fluid in first conduit 4 contains fluid flowing downstream of the reactor 2. Alternatively, the reactor may be adapted to contain fluid that is at least about supercritical conditions for water, that is at least about 700 deg. F. and at least about 3200 psig. The fluid flowing through first conduit 4 may include fluid at supercritical conditions for water, or in the vicinity of supercritical conditions for water.

In a preferred embodiment, the system may include a cooler 3 which is adapted to cool the fluid flowing through the first conduit 4. Cooler 3 may be a shell and tube heat exchanger, a fin-fan heat exchanger, or any other heat exchanger known in the art. Preferably, cooler 3 is placed downstream of reactor 2, thereby allowing cooler 3 to cool the fluid emerging from reactor 2. If the fluid emerging from reactor 2 is at least about supercritical conditions for water, cooler 3 may cool the fluid to the point that phase separation occurs, thus allowing separation of gas from liquid components in such fluid. A gas/liquid separator may be included in conjunction with cooler 3, or downstream of cooler 3.

As shown in FIG. 1, the fluid flowing to conduit 14 and/or 22 may include recycled fluid flowing through conduit 18. This recycled fluid flows from the static restriction device 16. Alternatively, fluid flowing through conduit 14 and/or 22 may come from a source 20. In the preferred embodiment, the source supplies water at or about ambient temperature. This water, when mixed with the fluid flowing through conduit 4, cools the mixed fluid. As a result, the temperature of the mixed fluid flowing through the static restriction device 16 is lowered, thus tending to reduce the corrosive and erosive effects on the static restriction device 16.

In the preferred embodiment, the amount of fluid recycled via conduit 18 may be controlled based on the temperature in conduit 19. In other words, a temperature in conduit 19 may be selected, and the proportion of fluid flowing from source 20 versus the amount of fluid flowing through recycle conduit 18 may be adjusted to achieve a mixture of fluid that is at the selected temperature. As shown in FIG. 1, to control the temperature of the fluid in conduit 19, a temperature sensor 22 may be provided in conjunction with control valves 24 and 26. A controller (also shown as 22) may then adjust the proportion of fluid flowing through valves 24 and/or 26 to achieve the desired or selected temperature of mixed fluid flowing through conduit 19. Alternately, a heater (or heat exchanger) may be placed in conduit 14 after pump 12. In this embodiment, the heater heats the fluid flowing in conduit 14 to a selected temperature prior to injection of the fluid into conduit 4.

In some embodiments, source 20 may provide fluid at least about supercritical conditions for water. It may be preferable to maintain the mixed fluid flowing in conduit 5 to static restriction device 16 at conditions that are in the vicinity of, or at least about, supercritical conditions for water. In such circumstances, the fluid flowing through second conduit 14 would preferably maintain or raise the temperature of the mixed fluid flowing through conduit 5 to static restriction device 16.

In FIG. 1, conduit 27 may allow fluid to flow to a discharge location or to a subsequent process.

As shown in FIG. 2, the static restriction device may include a series of orifices such as 58, 60, 62, and 64. It is to be understood that any number of orifices may be provided, and that FIG. 2 illustrates four orifices for example purposes only. As shown in FIG. 2, fluid flowing in direction 72 would represent the fluid in conduit 5 of FIG. 1. Fluid flowing in direction 74 in FIG. 2 would represent the fluid flowing in conduit 25 of FIG. 1.

The static restriction device 56 in FIG. 2 may also include a plurality of conduits flowing thereto. For example purposes, three conduits 66, 68, and 70 are shown in FIG. 2. These conduits represent fluid flowing through conduit 22 in FIG. 1. Having a plurality of entry conduits 66, 68, and 70 may allow a more controlled flow profile, temperature profile, and/or pressure reduction profile within static restriction device 56. Thus, it is to be understood that the amount of fluid flowing through any one of conduits 66, 68, and 70 may be controlled to vary the amount of fluid flowing into the static restriction device 56.

As shown in FIG. 3, the static restriction device 356 may include edges 301. Furthermore, in one preferred embodiment, fluid flowing through conduit 314 is directed via elbow 350 in a manner that provides the fluid in the approximate center of the orifice shown in FIG. 3. The fluid flowing through 314 may then mix with fluid flowing in conduit 304. The mixed fluid then flows through the pressure restriction device 3 56 into conduit 325.

It is to be understood that the fluid flowing through conduit 304 may correspond to either fluid flowing in conduit 4 or fluid flowing through conduit 14 in FIG. 1. Similarly, fluid flowing through conduit 314 in FIG. 3 may correspond to fluid flowing through conduit 4 or fluid flowing through conduit 14 in FIG. 1. If the fluid flowing through conduit 314 corresponds to the fluid flowing through conduit 4, then fluid flowing in streams 351 may represent the fluid flowing in conduit 14 of FIG. 1.

In a preferred embodiment, fluid flowing via conduit 304 may comprise relatively clean and/or low temperature fluids such as water. In such a case, the relatively clean and/or low temperature water may flow in streams 351 which tend to act as a barrier to inhibit at least a portion of the less clean and/or higher temperature fluid flowing through conduit 314 from contacting the static restriction device 356. As a result, erosion and/or corrosion of the static restriction device 356 may be reduced. This reduction in corrosion and/or erosion occurs because at least a portion of the fluid introduced through the second conduit (i.e., through conduit 304) contacts the edge 301 of the static restriction device 356 without first mixing with the fluid flowing through the first conduit (i.e., conduit 314).

In FIG. 4, an alternative embodiment of FIG. 3 is shown. FIG. 4 depicts a static restriction device which includes a venturi 460 with inwardly sloping walls. In this embodiment, the pressure reduction is more gradual, which tends to reduce erosion and/or corrosion of the static restriction device 456. Reference numbers 401, 404, 414, 425, 450, and 456 correspond to the same components as reference numbers 301, 304, 314, 325, 350, and 356, respectively.

FIG. 5 depicts a static restriction device 556. Fluid in the first conduit (here shown as conduit 504) may flow in a substantially centrally disposed portion of the second conduit (here shown as conduit 514). The fluid in the second conduit may flow in a substantially annular portion which substantially surrounds the centrally disposed portion. As described in conjunction with FIG. 3, fluid flowing via conduits 514 may comprise cleaner and/or lower temperature fluids, and these fluid tend to flow in streams 551. These streams tend to contact the edge 501 of the restriction device 556 without first mixing with the fluid flowing through conduit 504. The fluid flowing in streams 551 tend to act as a barrier to inhibit at least a portion of the fluid flowing through conduit 504 from contacting the edge of the static restriction device 501. In the manner, corrosion and/or erosion of the static restriction device 556 tends to be reduced.

It has been found that erosion and/or corrosion of the static restriction device tends to be particularly harsh in environments whereby the fluid flowing through the static restriction device contains about 50 parts per million (ppm) or more of entrained solids or particles. Therefore, the systems and methods of the invention tend to be particularly useful to reduce pressures in such streams.

Referring to FIG. 1, it has been found that preferably the static restriction device 16 is sized to provide a selected pressure reduction for a known fluid flow rate. Preferably the known fluid flow rate is greater than the fluid flowing through conduit 4. As such, to provide the selected pressure reduction, at least some fluid must be flowing via conduit 14 and/or 22 and mixing with the fluid flowing through conduit 4. In the manner, control of the system pressure is facilitated via the aforementioned control system using pressure sensor 6, controller 8, etc.

In some systems, pressure reduction through the pressure reduction device 16 tends to cause cavitation. In such systems, the fluid flowing through the static restriction device 16 includes a mixture of gas and liquid. Reducing fluid pressures in such systems tends to be particularly difficult because of the highly erosive velocities resulting when gas/liquid mixtures have their pressure reduced. Therefore, it has been found that the systems and methods of the invention tend to be particularly useful to reduce the pressure of streams including mixtures of gases and liquids.

In the preferred embodiment, the static restriction device comprises a capillary tube/conduit and/or a reduced diameter pipe/conduit. These static restriction devices may have circular, orthogonal (e.g., square or rectangular), oval, or irregular cross-sections. These static restriction devices tend to survive longer in harsh pressure reduction environments since erosion and/or corrosion tends to be distributed along the length of the capillary tube and/or reduced diameter pipe. In a preferred embodiment, the average diameter of the capillary tube/conduit is less than 0.5-0.75 of an inch (and, more preferably, is about one-eighth or about one-sixteenth of an inch) and the fluid flowing in the first conduit 4 includes at least about 50 ppm (and in some embodiments at least about 100, 500, or 1000 ppm) of entrained solids.

It has been found that the systems and methods of the invention tend to be particularly applicable to reduce the pressure of relatively low flow rate systems. As previously mentioned, achieving such pressure reduction may be particularly difficult with static restriction devices since plugging or clogging of the restriction device may result. Therefore, in one embodiment the system is adapted to reduce the pressure when the rate of fluid flowing through the first conduit 4 is less than about 7-10 gpm, and, alternately, less than about 0.25-0.50 gpm during use (e.g., for laboratory systems, which tend to have severe plugging and/or erosion problems when reducing the pressure of relatively high fluid streams containing solids).

FIG. 6 depicts a capillary tube/conduit or reduced diameter pipe/conduit 656 which may be used as a static restriction device. Fluid flowing through conduit 605 may flow into the static restriction device 656, thereby resulting in a pressure drop in such fluid.

In alternate embodiments, an accumulator 680 may be located downstream of the static restriction device 656. A pressure sensor 682 may be located on or downstream of the accumulator 680, and a pressure restriction device 684 may be located downstream of the accumulator 680. The pressure restriction device 684 may beta static or dynamic restriction device, and it may be adapted to vary the amount of fluid passed therethrough as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor 682 located on or downstream of the accumulator 680. A controller 686 may be used in conjunction with the pressure sensor 682 and the pressure restriction device 684.

Preferably, in systems that include at least about 50 ppm of solids in the first fluid stream, the automatic fluid introduction system of the invention is adapted to introduce sufficient fluid via conduit 14 or conduit 22 to prevent clogging of the static restriction device during use. In such systems, controller 8 is adapted to insure that a minimum amount of fluid flows through either conduit 14 or conduit 22.

In some systems, pressure reductions of at least about 1000, 2000, 3000, or 4000 psi are desired. In such systems, erosion and/or corrosion may be mitigated, but rarely is it completely avoided. Therefore, in an alternate embodiment of the invention, the system may be adapted to increase the flow of fluid via conduit 14 and/or 22 as the static restriction device 16 is eroded or corroded. In this manner, the system may continue to operate and maintain a selected pressure sensed by pressure sensor 6.

Maintenance of a selected pressure in the first conduit may be particularly important when a SCWO reactor is maintained upstream of the first conduit. Maintaining a selected pressure helps to insure a steady flowrate through the reactor, and a steady residence time of the fluid within the reactor. In supercritical waste oxidation systems maintenance of the proper residence time is often important to maintain a selected level of oxidation in the reactor. Stable pressure control facilitates more stable reactor temperature, reaction rate, and oxidant injection flow rates. Stable temperature, reaction rate, and oxidant injection rate profiles can be critical to operation of a SCWO unit, and tend to be difficult to maintain without stable pressure control.

The methods and systems of the invention may be particularly applicable for pressure reduction of fluid streams containing sludge or slurries, for instance refinery streams, papermill waste streams, or other streams containing inorganic inert so, lids.

Experiments

In the first experiment, a Badger Research control valve with stainless steel trim was used to reduce the pressure from about 3200 psig to about atmospheric pressure. An ambient temperature (e.g., about 70 deg. F) aqueous solution containing approximately 100 ppm alumina particles (5 micron average size) was used as the process fluid. This pressure control valve lasted less than one quarter of one hour. Upon inspection, severe "wire drawing" (i.e., sharp edged groove) erosion was evident on the valve trim.

In a second experiment, a capillary tube of one-eighth inch outside diameter was inserted as a static pressure restriction device in a stream at 4000 psia and about 70 deg. F. The tube had a 0.35 inch thickness and was made of 316 stainless steel. A twenty foot length was installed. The flow rate was about 0.5 gallons per minute of a 5 percent aqueous solution of 5 micron alumina particles. The solution was considered to be significantly more abrasive than the low solids concentration used in the first experiment. A Fisher Porter distributed control system was used as controller 8 in FIG. 1. The pressure transducer 6 in FIG. 1 was a Dynisco Model PT 140-5M, available from Dynisco (Norwood, Conn., USA). As shown in FIG. 1, a makeup pump 12 was connected to conduit 14, with ambient temperature water being used as the fluid flowing through the pump 12. The pump was a Haskell Model DF-72, available from Haskell, Inc. (Burbank, Calif., USA). The controller 8 was adapted to vary the speed of the Haskell pump as a function of the pressure sensed. As the sensed pressure went down, the Haskell pump speed was increased. This system operated format least about five hours without significant erosion or corrosion within the restriction device. Moreover, pressure in conduit 4 was maintained at 4000 psia. In fact, pressure control in the system was more stable than that experienced With a less abrasive stream using a standard pressure reduction control valve.

In a third experiment, municipal sewage was processed in a SCWO reactor at a flowrate of 0.5 gpm. In the system, the pressure of the reactor was 4000 psi and the temperature of the reactor was in excess of 710 deg. F. A fluid stream comprising water, CO₂, oxygen and more than 50 ppm of entrained solids emerged from the reactor during use. The effluent was cooled to about 70 deg. F. and depressurized using the system described in the second experiment. This system successfully lowered system pressure to atmospheric for the duration of the treatment without significant evidence of wear. It is believed that clay and dirt particles present in the effluent would have eroded a conventional valve trim such as used in the first experiment within minutes. Prior to the implementation of this pressure letdown system, processing of municipal sewage in SCWO reactors had not been possible as a result of inadequate or erratic pressure control.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein or in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A pressure reduction system, comprising:a first conduit connected to contain fluid during use, the first conduit being adapted to contain fluid at a pressure of at least about 500 p.s.i.g. during use; a pressure sensor connected to sense the pressure of the fluid in the first conduit during use; a static restriction device adapted to reduce the pressure of fluid flowing through it by at least about 500 p.s.i. during use, the static restriction device being connected downstream of the pressure sensor: and the static restriction device having an inlet and an outlet; a second conduit connected to introduce fluid into the first conduit upstream of an inlet of the static restriction device and downstream of the pressure sensor; a pump connected to pump fluid in the second conduit during use; and an automatic fluid introduction system coupled to the pump and being adapted to vary the amount of fluid introduced from the second conduit as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the first conduit is adapted to contain fluid at least about the vicinity of supercritical conditions for water.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the first conduit is adapted to contain fluid that is at least about supercritical conditions for water.
 4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a cooler in the first conduit, the cooler being adapted to cool the fluid flowing in the first conduit during use.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the static restriction device comprises an edge connected to contact fluid during use, and wherein the second conduit is connected to introduce fluid such that at least a portion of the fluid introduced through the second conduit during use contacts the edge of the static restriction device without first mixing with the fluid flowing through the first conduit during use.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the second conduit is connected to introduce fluid such that at least a portion of the fluid introduced through the second conduit during use acts as a barrier to inhibit at least a portion of the fluid flowing in the first conduit from contacting the static restriction device during use.
 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the first conduit during use, and an annular portion substantially surrounding the centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the second conduit during use.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the fluid flowing through the static restriction device contains at least about 50 ppm of entrained solids during use, and wherein the system is adapted to operate during use without substantial erosion of the static restriction device.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the static restriction device is sized to provide a selected pressure reduction for a known fluid flowrate, and wherein this known fluid flowrate is greater than the flowrate of fluid in the first conduit during use.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the fluid flowing within the static restriction device comprises a mixture of gas and liquid.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the automatic fluid introduction system is coupled to the pump such that the amount of fluid pumped by the pump varies as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor during use.
 12. The system of claim 11 wherein the automatic fluid introduction system varies the pump speed as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor during use.
 13. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of water at ambient temperature, and wherein the source is connected to provide water at ambient temperature to the second conduit during use.
 14. The system of claim 1 wherein the static restriction device comprises a capillary tube.
 15. The system of claim 14 wherein the average diameter of the capillary tube is less than about 0.75 inch, and the fluid flowing in the first conduit during use comprises at least about 50 ppm of entrained solids, and the rate of fluid flowing in the first conduit during use is less than about 7 gallons per minute.
 16. The system of claim 1 wherein the rate of fluid flowing in the first conduit during use is less than about 7 gallons per minute.
 17. The system of claim 1 wherein the static restriction device comprises an orifice.
 18. The system of claim 1, further comprising a third conduit connected to allow fluid flowing from the static restriction device to flow into the second conduit during use.
 19. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of supercritical fluid adapted to provide fluid at least about supercritical conditions for water, wherein this source of supercritical fluid is connected to provide supercritical fluid to the second conduit during use.
 20. The system of claim 1, further comprising an accumulator located downstream of the static restriction device, a pressure sensor located on or downstream of the accumulator, and a pressure restriction device located downstream of the accumulator, and wherein the pressure restriction device is adapted to vary the amount of fluid passed therethrough as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor located on or downstream of the accumulator.
 21. The system of claim 1 wherein the fluid flowing in the first conduit contains at least about 50 ppm of solids during use, and wherein the automatic fluid introduction system is adapted to introduce sufficient fluid to prevent clogging of the static restriction device during use.
 22. The system of claim 1 wherein the system is adapted to compensate for degradation of the static restriction device by increasing the flow of fluid in the second conduit during use.
 23. The system of claim 1 wherein the automatic fluid introduction system comprises a controller adapted to increase the flow of fluid in the second conduit as the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor is reduced, and vice versa.
 24. The system of claim 1 wherein the first conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the first conduit during use, and the second conduit is connected such that the second fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use.
 25. The system of claim 1 wherein the second conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the second conduit during use, and the first conduit is connected such that the first fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use.
 26. A pressure reduction system, comprising:a first conduit connected to contain fluid during use, the first conduit being adapted to contain fluid at a pressure of at least about 500 p.s.i.g. during use; a pressure sensor connected to sense the pressure of the fluid in the first conduit during use; a static restriction device means for reducing the pressure of fluid flowing through it by at least about 500 p.s.i. during use, the static restriction device means being connected downstream of the pressure sensor, the static restriction device means comprising an inlet and an outlet; a second conduit connected to introduce fluid into the first conduit upstream of an inlet to the static restriction device means and downstream of the pressure sensor; and an automatic fluid introduction system adapted to vary the amount of fluid introduced from the second conduit as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor.
 27. The system of claim 26 wherein the first conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the first conduit during use, and the second conduit is connected such that the second fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use.
 28. The system of claim 26 wherein the second conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the second conduit during use, and the first conduit is connected such that the first fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use.
 29. A pressure reduction system, comprising:a first conduit connected to contain fluid during use, the first conduit being adapted to contain fluid at a pressure of at least about 500 p.s.i.g. during use; a pressure sensor connected to sense the pressure of the fluid in the first conduit during use; a static restriction device adapted to reduce the pressure of fluid flowing through it by at least about 500 p.s.i. during use, the static restriction device being connected downstream of the pressure sensor, the static restriction device comprising an edge; a second conduit connected to introduce fluid into the first conduit upstream of the static restriction device and downstream of the pressure sensor, the second conduit being connected to introduce fluid into the first conduit such that at least a portion of the fluid introduced during use flows against the edge of the static restriction device during use and acts as a barrier to inhibit at least a portion of the fluid flowing in the first conduit from contacting the static restriction device during use; and an automatic fluid introduction system adapted to vary the amount of fluid introduced from the second conduit as a function of the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor.
 30. The system of claim 24 wherein the first conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the first conduit during use, and the second conduit is connected such that the second fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use.
 31. The system of claim 29 wherein the second conduit comprises a substantially centrally disposed portion to hold fluid flowing in the second conduit during use, and the first conduit is connected such that the first fluid flows in an annular portion substantially surrounding the substantially centrally disposed portion during use. 